Positive Relationship with Children Essay

1.1. Constructive associations with kids and youngsters are significant on the grounds that when kids feel great they separate all the more effectively from their folks, and are bound to take an interest in exercises on the off chance that they secure inwardly. Additionally when youngsters have positive connections they are more averse to show undesirable conduct as we can perceive and meet their individual needs. Childrens language will likewise grow all the more rapidly due to being sure to converse with us. Us as specialists can likewise design all the more precisely as we’ll comprehend childrens improvement and we will know their individual advantages. It is likewise significant as we will have the option to react to a Childs feelings because of their outward appearances and the manner in which they are acting when we know them and have a bond with them. We likewise need to recollect that we are to construct proficient connections. The standards of relationship building and to keep them kept up are conveying successfully, distinguishing and sifting through clashes and contradictions, being steady and reasonable, demonstrating admiration and civility, esteeming and regarding singularity, keeping guarantees and respecting duties, checking effect of own conduct on others, keeping secrecy as proper and perceiving and reacting suitably to the force base supporting connections. 1.2. Perception 1.3. My own adequacy in building associations with kids or youngsters is that when you become acquainted with every kid independently I feel progressively good, since I realize they feel great because of them knowing me and regarding them. I include all the youngsters in my exercises regardless of what the age hole except if the activitiy is un suiteable for that age gathering. I guarantee in myself that I treat every kid similarly, as no youngster has higher need than the other they all get rewarded decently. I additionally feel like I have accomplished structure associations with the youngsters when you see them following an end of the week or the following day since they grin and are eager to come to nursery once more. 2.1. Constructive associations with individuals engaged with the consideration of youngsters and youngsters are significant. Others included other than their family are hierarchical supervisors, carers, different guests, associates from different offices and administrations, outside accomplices, official guests, and partners. In the event that we don't have constructive associations with these individuals engaged with the childrens lives that go to nursery there is peril that data may be passed un â€accurately and that it is retained on the grounds that we may not be trusted. It is significant that we as a whole work together to construct trust with everybody and the advantages the kid will get on the off chance that we do so are youngsters are given predictable consideration, childrens needs and interests are recognized, plans for childrens care and instruction are increasingly viable, childrens government assistance can be appropriately observed, and aptitudes and thoughts can b e shared immediately between grown-ups.

Biometrics for Authentication Past - Present and Future

Question: Examine about theBiometrics for Authenticationfor Past, Present and Future. Answer: Gathering Summary The examination investigates biometric validation procedures, past, present and the eventual fate of biometric security. In fourteenth Century, Chinese traders used to take fingerprints of youngsters for recognizable proof. By 1890, Bertillonage technique was utilized which included investigation of body mechanics for ID of criminals(Bhattacharyya, Ranjan, A, Choi, 2009). In 1960s and 1970s, the innovation went past fingerprinting and mark biometric confirmation techniques were used for military. Today, biometric arrangements are developing and biometric laws, guidelines and industry measures are being created. In the advanced situation, biometric gadgets measure physiological attributes like fingerprints, faces, hand geometry, and iris and conduct qualities like marks, keystrokes and voice. Another pattern has additionally been seen in the field is subjective biometrics which includes joining of databases with human recognition. Different biometric procedures that are utilized in present were investigated in the paper and these included fingerprinting, face acknowledgment, IRIS innovation, hand geometry, retina geometry, speaker acknowledgment, signature confirmation, and different methods like palmprint, hand vein, DNA, warm imaging, ear shape, personal stench, keystroke elements, and fingernail bed(Wayma, Jain, Maltoni, Maio, 2000). Uses of biometric arrangements were recognized in the examination and these included system get to, information insurance, exchange security, web security, online business, egovernment, electronic banking, money related exchange, retail deals, social administrations, wellbeing, law implementation, POS, advanced rights the executives thus on(Ahmad, Ali, Azizun, Adnan, 2012). Further, the paper featured the significance of comprehend the degrees of security that is given by biometric arrangements and certain elements that could be utilized for assessment of biometric arrangements were talked about, for example, False Accept Rate (FAR), False Reject Rate (FRR), Relative Opening Characteristics (ROC), Equal Error Rate (ERR), Failure to Enroll Rate (FER), Failure to Capture Rate (FCR) and Template Capacity. In view of these assessing measures, different biometric innovations were assessed. The exploration found biometric as a solid security arrangement that functioned admirably yet there was as yet a need acknowledged on progress of security of biometric solutions(Jain, Nandakumar, Nagar, 2008). Revealed Issues The paper secured different biometric innovations that exist today yet didn't investigate the future patterns and potential utilizations of biometric arrangements, for example, utilization of biometric validation for archives, access and participation control, travel control, monetary applications, remote voice approval, programmed working gadgets, and activity control(Adkins, 2007). In addition, the paper didn't cover the advances that could be utilized in the field of biometric security, for example, optical innovations, acoustic advances, microwaves, capacitive sensors, pressure sensors, molecule beams, attractive fields, electric fields, and compound outflows that are probably going to be utilized in not so distant future for biometric confirmation. The examination could have investigated fresher patterns that are probably going to be found in the field of biometric verification, for example, acoustic holography, multimodal biometric, biometric gadgets, THz electromagnetic waves strategy thus on(Bicz, 2006). Another zone of biometric confirmation was absent in the exploration which is understanding execution of the arrangements as far as different parameters like precision, cost, trustworthiness, protection, convenience and deployment(Pankanti, Bolle, Jain, 2000). The examination didn't cover the check instruments that could be utilized in biometric gadgets including recognizable proof, validation, and confirmation. A confirmation framework could have been secured for clarifying how biometric frameworks work including data about getting character, recording or checking records, removing highlight vector, approving client, arranging interface, contrasting biometric records and live records, and clearing memory for security. The exploration could have likewise investigated different capacities and segments of a biometric framework, for example, catch gadget, approach administrator, stockpiling, entrance, reviewing, and transmission(COmmon Criteria, Federal Ministry of the Interior ). The exploration could likewise cover subtleties of how biometric validation helped making sure about frameworks in the instances of explicit dangers like bruteforce, resource alteration assault, code generation, leftover, etc. The security strategies that are required to be utilized by associations to guarantee greatest degree of security is gotten utilizing biometric confirmation could likewise have been shrouded in the exploration. Effect A comprehension of different data identified with biometric arrangements, for example, how biometric arrangements work, how they help in forestalling assaults, how they can be assessed, check instrument they can utilize, etc would be valuable as biometric arrangements are in effect progressively utilized today and sooner rather than later, the applications territories are probably going to just develop taking more pieces of lives of people. In such cases, the security of biometric arrangements must be investigated on need with the end goal that biometric confirmation doesn't come up short or get presented to assaults making hurt an immense number of individuals utilizing biometrics. Exercises Learnt Certain exercises were found out from this investigation of writing on biometric validation including: Biometric arrangements are utilized by associations for making sure about their systems and frameworks and in not so distant future, the applications are probably going to develop quick. In spite of the fact that biometric gadgets are utilized for security yet there still are dangers that can really influence the biometric security frameworks and accordingly, it is essential to comprehend the level at which biometric arrangements are equipped for giving security. End The report investigated the region of biometric validation by considering and surveying an examination report on past, present and eventual fate of biometric confirmation arrangements. It was discovered that the chose look into just secured the nuts and bolts of biometric security including strategies utilized for validation, utilization of biometrics and assessment parameters. The writing shrouded to a great extent needed investigating different territories like confirmation process, protection from explicit sorts of assaults, execution parameters, future innovations, etc. References Adkins, L. D. (2007). Biometrics: Weighing Convenience and National Security against Your Privacy. Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, 541-555. Ahmad, S. M., Ali, B. M., Azizun, W., Adnan, W. (2012). Specialized Issues And Challenges Of Biometric Applications As Access Control Tools Of Information Security. Worldwide Journal of Innovative, 79837999. Bhattacharyya, D., Ranjan, R., A, F. A., Choi, M. (2009). Biometric Authentication: A Review . Worldwide Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology, 13-28. Bicz, W. (2006). Eventual fate of biometrics . OPTEL. Normal Criteria. (Government Ministry of the Interior ). Basic Criteria Protection Profile Biometric Verification Mechanisms . Bundesamt fr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik , 2-64. Jain, A. K., Nandakumar, K., Nagar, A. (2008). Biometric Template Security. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 1-17. Pankanti, S., Bolle, R. M., Jain, A. (2000). Biometrics: The Future of Identification. CSE. Wayma, J., Jain, A., Maltoni, D., Maio, D. (2000). An Introduction to Biometric Authentication Systems. Springer.

Cannon Hack

Cannon Hack In my email this morning: The Howe Ser Moving Company cordially invites you to the official sendoff of the Caltech cannon. Our company has recently been informed that Fleming House is at MIT RIGHT NOW and is prepared to take back their cannon. Although were sad to see it go, we were only contracted to move the cannon here for CPW, and we respect the speed with which Fleming has responded. In their honor, we wish to afford them the grandest celebration possible. And thus another great chapter in MIT hacking history comes to a close. I, for one, was quite impressed with the students behind Howe Ser. For the memories, Ive below tallied some of the impressive media coverage the hack received, along with a photo by Jo Tong 08. Media Coverage: Los Angeles Times Boston Globe National Public Radio: All Things Considered Slashdot The Tech London Times The London Times article was accompanied by a comic: The latest update from my email: Apparently CalTech flew out a crew of 20 to retrieve the cannon, and took it away in a much less elegant fashion than the MIT crew. The Brass Rat, though, will remain at MIT.

Intro to Creating Realistic Photo Textures in Games

One of the major challenges of current and next-generation game development is the creation of the massive number of art resources required to create an immersive game world. Character, environment, and other supporting models must be created, and levels must be shelled out and populated with those models. But while you may have a functionally-playable game at that point (with the addition of a tremendous amount of other programming and resource work), you are lacking color, depth, and physical texture in your world. Taking a game from a gray box prototype to a completed game, suitable for public viewing, requires a lot of work for artists to create textures and materials to give the game the feeling of being in the world youve created. Weve touched on this briefly in previous tutorials: The basic concepts of UV mappingApplying and painting textures for a modelManually editing UV map coordinatesCylindrical maps and dealing with seamsIntermediate-level UV mapping techniques In those exercises, we used simple example maps that were hand-painted, but not designed for production work, nor realism. In this series, were going to show you how to make realistic photo textures for your own games, and do so on a reasonable budget. The results you can achieve with a small amount of work may surprise you. Lets get started. There are three primary ways to create photorealistic textures for games. Photo reference/Hand painting. These are the original two techniques for creating game textures. This is the simple process of creating a bitmapped image for use in a game, whether created completely from scratch using a paint application, or converting a photo into a game-ready format. (Both of these techniques are not necessarily simple in actual practice, as youll see later in this article.) This can be very quick, or moderately time-consuming, depending on what sort of results you desire, and how much work youre willing to put in.Procedurally-created. This method relies on algorithms and pre-defined inputs (either photo or completely synthetic) to create tileable/seamless pattern materials. Tiled materials allow you to use a single, highly-detailed texture to apply to a large surface in the game world, and have it repeat along the entire object, without obvious seams where one instance ends and the next begins. This is potentially the most efficient way to create good materials f or your game, however, most procedurally-created materials are quite clearly computer-generated-although the algorithms are improving all the time. Used wisely, however, they can be a tremendous time-saver for areas of your game which dont need to stand up to close scrutiny.High-poly to low-poly model and texture conversion. This is the most labor-intensive of the three options. This is frequently used for high-detail character models, or environment art that will be seen at close range (for example, walls that the character shelters behind in a first-person shooter). To perform this technique, an artist creates an extremely-high polygon model, far greater than the game engine is capable of handling in realtime, and then uses software techniques to bake textures onto a lower-polygon version of the same model. This transfers the surface detail from three-dimensional polygon data into a painted texture on the lower-poly model. This may include normal, bump, displacement, specular high light, ambient occlusion, and other map types to further create the illusion that the low-poly model has more detail than it does in reality. As you can imagine, the labor required to perform this process is extremely time and cost-prohibitive. The results can be spectacular, but you need to carefully assess whether this is necessary for your project. Most AAA games that are currently on the market for consoles use a combination of all three of these methods. You need to determine what is best suited for your project. If you are creating a more stylized game, hand-painted textures may be the way to go. If youre making a military first-person shooter, you are likely to use a lot of photo-based textures and high-poly models converted down with normal maps for maximum scene detail.

Theories on Social Inequality from a Functionalist,...

Social inequality is the issue pertaining to the lack of housing, health care, education, employment opportunities, and status. It is the dismissal of people from participation in what we, the members of society distinguish as being valuable, important, socially desirable, and personally worthwhile. There are many different perspectives on social inequality within our society; the three areas I am going to focus on are those of the Functionalist, Conflict and Symbolic-Interactionist. The Functionalist theory believes that society functions so that each individual plays a specific role. Their perspective of social inequality is the belief that inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society.†¦show more content†¦215 chapter 8 Sociology In Our Times: The Essentials) this is to suggest that the different classes in society are in conflict because the more powerful groups maintain and control the distribution of resources, rewards, priv ileges and opportunities by exploiting the less powerful. They also believe that inequality is a result of profits being generated from the cost of labour being less than the cost of the goods and services being produced from that labour, also known as the surplus value. Conflict theorists do not believe that stratification is functional for society, or that it serves as a source of stability. Rather, they believe that stratification will lead to instability and social change. Symbolic-Interactionist focus more on the microlevel effects of inequality on peoples social interactions. Microlevel is a sociological research that focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures, opposed to the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives that primarily focus on the macrolevel which examines large-scale social structures. They believe that people act based on symbolic meanings they find within any situation, and thus interact with the symbols forming relationships around them a nd that our goals of interactions with one another are to create shared meaning. For example; we act towards other people based on the meaning that those other people have for us. TheirShow MoreRelatedSocial Institutions: Health Care Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Institutions: Health Care Heather Richardson SOC 101: Introduction to Sociology Dr. Christine Nortz Social Institutions: Health Care America has a highly developed health care system, which is available to all people. Although it can be a very complex and trying subject, it has come a long way from the health care systems of yesterday. Most health care facilities of yesterday, the sick were housed and cared for until death. Doctors rarely practiced in the hospital setting andRead MoreThe Core Concepts Of Sociology1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe core concepts of sociology are a combination of original theories with improved sociological approaches that build upon them over time. Sociology utilizes three main theories to approach the study of society with different focus points that result in different outcomes. Furthermore, as stated by Robert Faris and William Form from britannica â€Å"The early schools of thought each presented a systematic formulation of sociology that implied possession of exclusive truth and that involved a convictionRead Morethree perspective2503 Words   |  11 Pagessociologist is one of the people who do this and this is what they have worked on their whole life. They have worked to prove their point and get people to understand their point of view. One sociologist may see the world as being in order or stable and improving every day. Another may see that society as a whole is so worried about being in the norm of society and social institution. How society has become overwhelmed by what religion says is right or wrong. Also struggling with how your family decidedRead MorePoverty And Poverty Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesThe interactionist, conflict and functionalist theories have been extensively used to guide the sociological understanding of social problems. The different views presented by these theoretical approaches are critical not only in understanding but also in resolving the various social issues. Poverty presents as one issue that every society has to grapple with given its inherent tendency to pose a threat to not only the poor but to the society as a whole (Mooney, Knox Schacht, 2014). The issue ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Life1581 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to interpret social life we have utilized three primary theoretical perspectives. In this paper I will summarize all three primary perspectives by identifying the role, figures and key concepts related to each of these three theories. I will then identify which of these three theories I find most useful in studying sociology today and then I will explain the rationale behind my selection. Finally, I will provide my own argument to the debate as whether the purpose of social research should beRead MoreConflict: Sociology and Ever-changing Nature2792 Words   |  12 PagesStrucutral functionalism is a form of  functional analysis. Functional analysis (or functionalism) is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. In fact, many of the early giants of sociology, such as Spencer, Comte, and Durkheim were functionalists. Essentially, this perspective sees society as comprised of many parts that contribute in unique ways to the operation of the whole society.   The way I explain this to my class is to think of a clock. What makes a clock a clock? First, youRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Conflict Theory1882 Words   |  8 PagesFunctionalism; b) Symbolic Interactionism; and c) Conflict Theory. Structural Functionalism aims to understand society in an objective way. It views society as an entity that is â€Å"objectively real†. It emphasizes the unity of society, and how individuals perform roles and how these roles are vital in meeting the needs of the collective whole. For instance, because every society has stratification, stratification must have certain functions and these functions can contribute to the survival of the social systemRead MoreStructural Funcionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompletely. For each theory, I will discuss the basics and cover the main tenants of each. Then, I will discuss the ambiguities, inadequacies and irrelevance to reality based on our current understanding of modern society. Structural Functionalism In the Functionalist School of Thought, society is viewed as being a complex structure of inter-related parts, analogous to a living being, with many different organs contributing to the daily functioning and health of the entire organism. From evolving societiesRead MoreHow Race And Ethnicity Is Socially Constructed, Rather Than Biological?995 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning back in the 17th century with the European expansion. We can see the beginning of racial stratification with the Europeans placing themselves as the top social class. In all societies people receive different shares of what is valued and it is this unequal division of resources that creates stratification by the higher social class receives more than the lower classes. Unfortunately, the lower classes are usually the ones who are involved with the most crime. The reason why people steppedRead MoreCrime And Deviance1550 Words   |  7 Pagescrime and deviant behavior. In defining deviant behavior, the definitio n may vary throughout different groups. Not all groups of people will consider the same behaviors deviant due to social norms of different cultures. Because of this, deviant behavior is not only about the deviant act, but in how the social groups respond to that behavior. Socialization plays an important role in whether or not a person will eventually participate in criminal or deviant behavior. Socialization is extremely

Wrought immense financial loss to the company Free Essays

Dear Sir, I am writing this memo to bring your attention to the need for a major shift in our procurement procedure which Fitter Snacker has been following for the past couple of decades. A careful study of the purchasing records of the last few months reveal that the traditional purchasing procedure has wrought immense financial loss to the company. This method which relies heavily on buying from a few â€Å"trusted† local and familiar sources of raw material like floor, chocolate, sugar and milk derivatives has resulted in buying materials at higher prices and sometimes suppliers not meeting the demand or deadline. We will write a custom essay sample on Wrought immense financial loss to the company or any similar topic only for you Order Now What I am suggesting is us to shift our attention to online sources and rely more on e-commerce (electronic commerce) for our raw materials. As you might be aware, the worldwide web has created an electronic market place in the internet in last many years. In the net there are B2B (business to business) e-commerce sites where you can bid for raw materials at cheaper rates and get quality assured supplies at faster speeds. One another advantage with e-commerce is that you don’t have to rely on a few small time local suppliers all the time – you can even approach large and distant corporations who can manage long distance shipping of large quantities. My predecessor was using the age old means of communication like writing letters or calling over phones or even personally visiting the suppliers as part of purchasing protocol. As a person coming from a generation that came to age in 21st century I think all these are a total waste of money and time. A shift to e-commerce will remove all the inconveniences, moreover this shift would enable any authorised person in our company to go through the procurement records on real time and make assessments or decisions from anywhere using the internet. Thank you. How to cite Wrought immense financial loss to the company, Papers

Death and Dying for Constructivist Grounded Theory- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDeath and Dying for Constructivist Grounded Theory. Answer: Speakers Point of View The Physician of the Australian Intensive Care, Peter Saul talks about the process of dying in the twenty-first century and the increase in the number of people dying in the Intensive Care. According to him, majority of the people who are suffering from chronic diseases that have no proper treatment prefers dying in the Intensive Care Unit tan dying at home. As per the recent study, it has been shown that one ten people prefers dying in the intensive care, where in the United States, the number is one in five and three in five in Miami (Saul, 2018). He further explained that when a person dies in the intensive care, the stress levels of the families are greater than that of people dying somewhere else, because of high cost of the advanced machines. Peter Saul also explained four types of death that includes sudden death, terminal illness, organ failure and frailty and stated that death related to organ failure is associated with more stress than in any other kind of deaths. Ethical Issues and Reasoning In case of ethical issues Peter Saul talked about legalising Euthanasia, as he firmly supports Euthanasia, as it provides power to the individuals over how they prefer dying. Furthermore, he also stated that Euthanasia should be legal, so that people get the right to die. In Australia, the law related to Euthanasia lies in between terminal sedation and the double effect that is in order to kill the person for the benefit of that person, sometimes opiates and sedation are being used in order to end the life of the hospitalised person (Anaf, 2017). This has been accepted in the law of Australia, as this does not come under the crime of killing. Therefore, to give people the chances for right to die, Saul firmly supports Euthanasia. Personal Thought As per the Sauls point of view, I supported the speaker point of view as, in the recent days people prefers to die in the intensive care than at home, this increases the stress of the family members because of the high cost of the advanced machines (Belgrave Charmaz, 2014). According to me, supporting Euthanasia would provide chances to the patients the right to die and they can die peacefully. As per the ethics and the Kubler- Ross theory, when patients are being aware of their critical illness, they pass through various stages and sometimes prefers to death in a peaceful, natural and loving way. Therefore, Euthanasia should be legalised so that the ill person can receive a peaceful death as per their right. References Anaf, J. M. (2017). Voluntary euthanasia laws in Australia: are we really better off dead?.The Medical journal of Australia,206(8), 369-369. Belgrave, L. L., Charmaz, K. (2014). Studying Illness and Dying through Constructivist Grounded Theory. InThe Social Construction of Death(pp. 34-51). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Saul, P. (2018).Let's talk about dying.Ted.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018, from https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_saul_lets_talk_about_dying

Patriots vs. Loyalists Essay Example

Patriots vs. Loyalists Paper Town Meeting Reflection Essay The town meeting that was held a week ago was confusing but exciting at the same time. Loyalists and Patriots were arguing their opinions of colonial independence. The loyalists wanted to prevent the colonial independence movement but the patriots wanted that independence. So because of the movement, patriots and loyalists began arguing and debating. Some didnt get to say what they were going to say and some had their chance. I think the patriots had better arguments, because hey were more concise about the debates, such as the taxation without representation and the Stamp Act. The loyalists also had good arguments such as taxes were paid in order to protect colonies. During the town meeting, the patriots had some good points for colonial independence. One of the major argument that was mentioned was taxation without representation. Taxation without representation meant that colonists refused to pay taxes to England until they were represented in British Parliament. They were paying high taxes to support a government The Stamp Act was a British act that taxed every British good by making the colonists buy a stamp for every British good purchased. We will write a custom essay sample on Patriots vs. Loyalists specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Patriots vs. Loyalists specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Patriots vs. Loyalists specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But was later canceled. So when the patriots heard about this they tarred and feathered the British tax collectors. These arguments brought up during the town meeting were convincing because backed up their debates. The loyalists of the town meeting brought up major points like the taxing colonists or everything but were being used to protect them as well. One person said we tax you so we can protect you and your family. The debate started from then on. Patriots got furious, and said we dont need you to protect us, we can protect ourselves. the loyalists responded with if we didnt put a soldier with guns in your houses to protect you, then you might have been dead by now. So the debate went on and on. But ended up with the patriots winning the debate. I dont think the loyalists had a invoicing argument because they kept repeating the same thing over and over, which was we tax you to protect you. Overall the town meeting was great. People had their say about what they dont like about the colonial independence. The loyalists who stayed loyal to the king and Britain didnt have persuading thoughts so I have to say Im going to go with the patriots side. The patriots had lots of good arguments and they were more convincing. Patriots vs.. Loyalists Town Meeting Reflection Essay By lustiness

JIT Essay Example

JIT Essay Example JIT Essay JIT Essay JIT Name: Course: Date: JIT Part 1 Question 1 Just-in-Time (JIT) learning is advantageous in training and learning since it can be automated by incorporating Web-based solutions that can be accessed at any time. Thus, in JIT training/learning, e-learning is valuable in the sense that it provides a platform for establish training/learning face-to-face through online facilities such as electronic job performance aids, online libraries, online modules for self study and networking systems that enable learners/trainees to find and question appropriate experts. JIT is valuable in training/learning since it offers a learning solution on a real-time basis. Additionally, JIT incorporated in training/learning expunges the desire for refresher training attributed to deprivation of newly attained knowledge and skills if not put to use when learners return to their jobs. JIT also allows learners/trainees to receive training at their own specification. Question 2 One of the pitfalls of e learning involves the use of a mix of different media such as audio, sounds, text and animations to convey content and instruction. Another pitfall involves the e-learning’s minimalist nature in failing to include features proved to endorse learning. The third pitfall incorporates using e learning for relevant learning while the final pitfall involves the creation of a highly probing learning setting that provides learners with unrestricted access to navigate internet sites (Clark Mayer, 2011). These pitfalls indeed compare with issues to be resolved in JIT learning. For instance, one of the issues involved in JIT learning is reflection. The need for reflection involves JIT’s framework in excluding reflection and practice in a setting. Moreover, quality is another issue in both JIT and e learning since it involves providing instruction that is relevant to the subject (Weintraub Martineau, 2002). Question 3 One of the questions that need consideration in reading research studies in learning is the similarity of the learners in the research study to other learners. The subsequent question involves basing conclusions on an experimental research design. The third question focuses on the replication of experimental results. The fourth question focuses on the measurement of learning through tests that measure application. The final question involves the reflection of the data analysis on practical and statistical significance (Clark Mayer, 2011). Good research provides efficient information on designing learning since it mainly focuses on instructional effectiveness. Thus, using good research enables the designer to configure a learning module that incorporates instructional efficiency to assist learners in gaining accurate knowledge and content in the process of learning. Part 2 The statement, â€Å"instructional designers should consider how words and pictures work together to create meaning for the learner†, actually refers to the use of texts and pictorial representations in order to ensure cognitive learning and response within learners (Clark Mayer, 2011). Instructional designers should consider how positive the integration of texts and representation is to the learners in order to avoid spreading the wrong content or meaning to the learner. The graphics identified include decorative, for instance, a visual of an instructor displaying instructions, representational, for example, a photograph or screen capture, relational, for instance, a pie chart or a line graph, transformational, for example, a video depicting operation of an equipment and interpretive, for instance, a graphic diagram of an equipment (Tomei, 2013). For learning to be promoted efficiently, it is more advantageous to combine representational and transformational graphics. This i s because combining the two will assist in demonstrating procedures and contextualizing practice in online simulation.

Vulnerability of an organizations information system Research Paper

Vulnerability of an organizations information system - Research Paper Example Vulnerability in regard to organizational information systems can be defined as â€Å"a weakness that allows a threat to be realized or to have an effect on an asset† (Kim & Solomon, 2010, p.6). Thus it can be realized that a threat is not capable of affecting an information system unless the system is weak or vulnerable not to survive an attack (Kim & Solomon, 2010, p.6). Thus the vulnerabilities of an organization’s information systems reflect that the organization’s control over the systems has either become lost or ineffective (Whitman & Mattord, 2011, p.65). In the present times, the cyber world has taken a significant position in both organizational as well as personal lives. The most critical factor that has been obtained as making the information systems vulnerable to cyber threats and attacks is the human element. The information technology (IT) managers of today’s business organizations are thus encountered with severe challenges in regard to suc h vulnerabilities (Platsis, 2012). The present study focuses on the vulnerabilities those organizational information systems presently challenging the IT managers, with over viewing the most important cyber security vulnerability and considering measures that might protect organizations from such vulnerabilities. ... All these media, if vulnerable, can lead to cyber intrusions causing cyber threats or attacks, thus affecting the entire information system of the organization. Hardware and Software: Information systems viruses and other malwares have the capability to destroy the software system of computers, or they might affect the security functions of the system. Thus this makes the software vulnerable allowing outsiders to steal information and use their commands on the organizations’ computers and information devices to manipulate information as per their need. This initiates the need for an organization to consider the use of antivirus tools essentially as well as update the system’s functions on a regular basis to detect any vulnerability, in advance (Kazmeyer, 2013). Considering the vulnerabilities of the hardware, it is of major concern since the unsecured terminals can be taken advantage of by outsiders along with the help of network access points, using which they might ge t access to systems that are otherwise protected. Security functions may be circumvented by an intruder if they get access to server rooms or floors where the computer systems are placed for work. Thus in order to prevent this, organizations need to have strict control over the access of any individual to the hardware such that such vulnerabilities may not be taken advantage of (Kazmeyer, 2013). Transmission Media: The media of transmission in organizations include both cabling as well as wireless communication media. In case of cabling, wires are used for transmission, that in many cases pass through the walls and channels of the organization eventually terminating the plugs of the walls

Otitis media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Otitis media - Essay Example The document provides guidelines for use in the right diagnosis and the proper treatment of children between ages 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of AOM. The source is just a guideline meant to provide some basis or framework when coming up with clinical conclusions about making correct clinical decisions. The source does not provide full details of evidence and nurses cannot use it as the only source to guide them during management of children with AOM. The source is also an evidence-based guideline compiled by different experts creating a comprehensive report. Even though it lacks the specific research details, it is very helpful since it provides important information for nurses on pain management, observation, antibacterial treatment, and preventive measures. The practical guidelines of the article, supported with adequate reasons, and summaries of findings of the study, makes this article very resourceful and appropriate for this nursing practice situation. Block, S. L. (1997 ). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and therapeutic considerations in acute Otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 449- 456. This source of evidence can be classified as unfiltered resource because its source comes from the research studies of the author. The recommendations and views of the work are typically those of the author and since most of the information in the article particularly in the conclusion part represents views and recommendations of the author, it is certainly un-filtered. The resource nature makes it an evidence summary, because the authors made a summary from existing evidence. The source gives a clear-cut specific evidence of the pathogens that cause Acute Otitis Media (AOM) and the effectiveness of various antibiotics for treatment. Its drawback is that it does not provide a detailed report about other lines of treatment or alternative approach in treating AOM. In such a case, the nurses may miss some important information on treat ment therefore; some more important and relevant research findings should be included. The fact that this resource paper is an evidence summary then the details missing makes it to be less helpful to the nurses. It is therefore not a proper guideline for use by the nurses in such a situation. Kelley, P. E., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose, and throat. In W. W.Hay, M. J. Levin, J. M. Sondheimer, & R. R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment (18th ed., pp. 459Â ±492). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. The source of evidence is an incomprehensive resource because it provides research work of the author. The source gives a comprehensive report on various causes of ear infections, antibiotic resistance in the treatment of AOM and the challenges doctors face when looking for alternative treatment choices. The source therefore addresses specific issues, which nurses can find to very resourceful, relevant, and helpful when dealing with a situation at hand. The author’s recommendations and conclusions will be of great help to the nurses too. The resource falls under the category of summary of evidence since the authors used the actual research work of the author to create the summary. Even though the source is quite narrow and specific, the results and conclusions are very relevant and this makes it appropriate for this nursing practice situation.

Causes of Luminescence and Chemiluminescence

Causes of Luminescence and Chemiluminescence 1.1. Luminescence Phenomena Luminescence is the phenomenon of emission of electromagnetic radiation in excess of thermal radiation. The radiation is usually in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, however, since the same basic processes may yield infrared or ultra violet radiation. Luminescence is observed with all phases of matter: gases, liquids and solids both organic and inorganic[1]. Luminescence is an umbrella term for those kinds of events where light emission is not the result of high temperature. In fact with increasing temperature the competing nonradiative de – excitation processes become more probable and the intensity of the luminescent emission decreases. Luminescence in living organisms has been reported as far back as 1500 BC. In Chinese literature, the best known examples being the emission of light from fireflies and glow – worms[2, 3]. 1.1.1Types of Luminescence Classification according to the means by which energy is supplied to excite the luminescent molecule[4-8].Table 1.1 Table (1-1):- Different types of luminescence phenomena Excitation source Luminescence type Produced from irradiation Absorption of Uv-vis or near IR radiation. (Conversion of light energy to chemical energy). Photoluminescence Emission produced from irradiation of ÃŽ ² particles. Cathodoluminescence Emission produced from irradiation of ÃŽ ± particle. Anodoluminescence Radiation-induced chemical excitation (irradiation of ÃŽ ³ particles. Radiodoluminescence Produced from heating. Emission from incandescent solids Candoluminescence Caused by solid subjected to mild heating. Thermoluminescence Flame-excited metal atoms Pyroluminescence Produced from structural rearrangements in solids Emission from shaking, rubbing, or crushing crystals. Triboluminescence Emission from crystallization. Crystalloluminescence Excitation induced from dissolution of an irradiated or other energy-donating solid. Lyoluminescence Produced from electrical phenomena. Radiative recombination of electrons and holes in material (emission from electrical discharge) Electroluminescence Emission during electrolysis Galvanoluminescence Excitation of compounds by ultra-sonication. Sonoluminescence Emission from fractional charge separation at the crystal surface. Piezoluminescence Produced from chemical reactions Emission from luminous organisms. Bioluminescence Chemical excitation of compounds. Chemiluminescence 1.2. Chemiluminescence The term chemiluminescence (CL.) was first coined by Eilhardt Weidman in 1888. Chemiluminescence is defined as the production of electromagnetic radiation observed when a chemical reaction yields an electronically excited intermediate or product. CL-reactions emit light of varying degrees of intensity and lifetime. With colors that spare the visible spectrum [9-11]. Analytically, the CL-reactions are attractive due to: excellent detection limits results from the absence of source of noise and scattering, suitable to both batch and flow techniques highly sensitive, determinable over a wide range of concentrations, easy to operate, simplicity, absence of unwanted background so the only background signal is that of the PMT dark current and no excitation source or optical filters are required as compared to other optical or photo luminescence methods [12, 13]. However, some disadvantages are to be considered as well; A chemiluminescence reagent may yield significant emission not just for one unique analyte i.e. a lack of selectivity may occur. Moreover, chemiluminescence emission intensities are sensitive to a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, solvent, ionic strength, pH and other species present in the system. As a result, a separation condition (HPLC, capillary electrophoresis (CE), may not always match the optimum CL-emission conditions. Third, as the emission intensity from a CL-reaction varies with time,light flash composed of signal increase after reagent mixing, passing through a maximum, then decreasing back to the base – line, thus the CL- emission versus time profile differs from one compound to another and care has to be taken to detect the signal in the flowing stream during strictly defined periods [14].chemiluminescence technique is versatile for determination of a wide variety of species that can participate in the CL-reaction such as; CL-substrates or CL-precursors responsible for the excited state [15], the necessary reagent for the CL-reactions (usually an oxidant) [16] , some species that enhance the rate or sensitivity of the CL-reaction[17] ,activators such as catalysts (enzymes[18] or metal ions[19] CL. analysis found a wide application not only in the organic technology, medicine, food testing, but also in environmental monitoring and material science [20-24]. CL-reactions can be coupled as a detection technique [25] in chromatography [26, 27], capillary electrophoresis [28-30], or immunoassay, providing qualitative and / or quantitative information [31, 32]. 1.2.1. Mechanisms of Chemiluminescence Reaction Figure (1-2) shows the types of the CL-reaction mechanisms. In general CL-reactions can be generated by two basis mechanisms: Figure (1-2):- Types of CL-reactions. P, product; F, fluorescing substance Direct CL-reactions: a substrate (A) and an oxidant (B) in the presence of cofactors react to form an intermediate product in an electronically excited state which relaxes to the ground state with a photon emission. The catalyst is an enzyme or metal ions, reduces the activation energy and provides an adequate environment for producing high CL-efficiency out of the process.Cofactors sometimes are necessary to convert one or more of the substrates into a form capable of reacting and interacting with the catalyst,or to provide an efficient leaving group if bond cleavage is required to produce the excited emitter [33]. An alternative for compounds producing ultra-weak CL-emission is: Indirect or sensitized CL reactions: Since not all excited states of CL-reactions products are effective â€Å"emitters† in any case, thus the excited state energy can be transferred to an â€Å" effective â€Å" flourophore added to the system, in –order to increase the CL-intensity substantially . The most salient asset of chemical excitation is the low background noise involved, which results in very low detection limits (in the sub femtomole of region) [34,35]. Enhanced CL- reactions (ECL): describes the phenomenon which has been observed in a wide range of chemi and bioluminescence reactions. Enhancement of light emission from the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction at alkaline pH has been achieved by the addition of various organic compounds generally containing oxonium group. Enhancement of CL. Reaction led to intense light emission, prolonged light emission and low background[36]. Spontaneous light emission during reaction requires the presence of the following conditions[37]: The reaction must be highly exothermic (40-70 kcal/mole) in order that the CL-reaction occurred in the visible region (400 nm (violet) – 750nm (red). These exothermic conditions associated with redox reactions using Oxygen, Ozone andhydrogen peroxide or similar potential oxidants. The reaction pathway must be a favorable to channel the energy for the formation of an electronically excited state. Photon emission must be favorable deactivation process of the excited product in relation to other competitive non-radiative processes that may appear in low proportion. There are several ways for an electronically excited state species to lose its extra energy, either by reacting with another molecule, molecular dissociation, and collision with its surrounding molecules or luminescence. In the latter case it can react to liberate sufficient energy to produce photon of visible light, figure (1-3). Figure (1-3):-possible de-excitation pathways of excited molecule 1.2.2. Main Chemiluminescence-systems for analytical processes 1.2.2.1. Gas- phase chemiluminescence reactions. The development of Chemiluminescence Methods for determining components of a gas is largely originated from the need to determine atmospheric pollutants such as Ozone, Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur compounds[45, 46].The best known and most frequently used is the reaction of nitrogen oxide withOzone.CL-NOXanalyzers have been shown to respond to a number of nitrogenous pollutants besides NO and NO2. [40].Some analytical methods based on CL- reactions have been proposed for the determination of sulfur monoxide and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as Alkenes, alkynes and aromatics at high temperature,several of these are as follows[41-44]. NO+ O3NO2* + O2NO2 + hÃŽ ½(600-2800 nm)(1) (2) (3) Oxygen atoms also been applied as strong oxidants when reacted with a wide range of analyst, although not so frequently used. The reaction with nitric oxide produces a yellow- green CL-emission that has been used for measuring concentration of Oxygen atoms in kinetics experiments[45]. (4) Some CL. Reactions are based on the light emission produced in flame, rather than the cold CL-emission. Molecular emission cavity analysis (MECA) is a CL-technique in which molecular emission are generated within a cavity that is introduced into a hydrogen diffusion flame. This flame acts as the environments of radicals, atoms and molecules which promote the chemical reactions (i.e. high temperature of flame promote of chemical reactions that form key reaction intermediates and provide additional thermal excitation of the emitting species).The cavity acts as the environment for stabilizing the emitting species. MECA has been used for selective detection of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorous, antimony, arsenic,.Tin and halogens [46-54]. 1.2.2.2. Liquid- phase chemiluminescence reactions There are some well – established CL-reagents that have been used for solution – phase CL-reactions, their attraction include high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and simplicity [55].The Chemiluminescence of luminal and the cyclic hydrazides of aromatic and heterocyclic acids is one of the classical and still studied in CL-reactions [56]. Although hydrazides in general are Chemiluminescent, onlyhydrazides related to luminol (5 – aminophthalyhydrazide) can be considered the most commonly used. The CL. of luminol was first described by Albrecht in 1928. This compound reacts with potent oxidizing agents in the presence of catalyst in alkaline medium to yield 3 – amino phthalate in an excited electronic state which returned to the ground state; with the production ofblue emission at 425 nm.The reaction is catalyzed by metal ions.Alternatively, it has been proposed that the metal ion forms a complex with the hydrazide which is then oxidized[57–59]. Lophin(2,4,5 – triphenylimidazole) is the most representative of the imidazole CL-precursors . A yellow CL-emission is produced at 525 nm. by oxidation of Luphin in aqueous alkaline mediums[60]. Lucigenine(10, 10 dimethyl – 9, 9 -biascridiniumnitrate) is one of the most efficient CL-substances which emit an intense green emission at 470 nm. When oxidized in an alkaline medium [61]. In relation to indirect CL., one of the more efficient non – biological system that are used is based on and so – called peroxy oxalate CL-reaction (PO – CL ) which involves the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of an aryl oxalate ester in the presence of a fluorophore .Bis–( 2,4,6 – trichloro phenyl )oxalate (TCPO) and bis – ( 2,4– dinitro phenyl ) oxalate (DNPO ) are commonly used oxalates. These compounds are insoluble in water which requires the use of organic solvents such as acetonitrilies ,dioxane and ethyl acetate [62]. Another CL-system frequently applied involves the use of Ru [bpy]3+2 which produces an orange emission at 610 nm.From the excited state (Ru [bpy]3+2)* that can be obtained by different reactions which imply electron transfer and regeneration of Ru[bpy ]3+2 species. Recently , the higher CL-emission generated by a similar complex , Ru[phen]3+2(phen = 1,10 – phenanthroline) during oxidation ofRu [bpy ]3+2 by Ce(IV) in sulfuric acid medium Ru [bpy]3+2 is the most studied as an inorganic compound used in electro generated CL (ECL)[60,63]. 1.2.2.3.Solid Phase Chemiluminescence [35]. Some polymers exhibit weak CL. in the visible range when heated up in the presence of inert gas (air or oxygen). For the first time this phenomenon was observed by Ashby in 1961, from polypropylene. Emission of light during oxidation of polymers is called oxy- luminescence or oxychemiluminescence. And for CL. of polymers to be observed, oxygen must be present in the process. 1.2.3.Electro Generated Chemiluminescence (ECL) ECL : is the process in accordance with which , species generated at electrodes undergo high – energy electron – transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light , it occurs in the visible region of spectrum as a consequence of fast and highly exo-energetic electron . Transfer between a strong electron donor and electronacceptor which in turn results in generation of excited states [7].In general, electrically generated reactants diffuse from one or more electrodes, and undergo high – energy electron transfer reactions either with one other or with chemicals in solution. This process yields excited state molecules, which produce a CL- emission in the vicinity of the electrode surface. Application of ECL have almost exclusively focused on the reaction of tris(2, 2 – bipyridire) ruthenium Ru[bpy]3+2 the reaction takes place at room temperature . Wide pH range and in the presence of oxygen and many other impurities[64].Ru [bpy]3+2 itself can undergo electron transfer reactions to produce ECL as follows [65]. Luminol can undergo an ECL reaction due to its versatility in analytical determinations. in alkaline solution luminol anion undergoes a single electron electro-oxidation to form diazaquinine , which is further oxidized by peroxide or super oxide to give 3 – amino phthalate in an excited state , which emits light at 425 nm . Luminol ECL has been used for determination of species such as phenyl alanine, ibuprofen and hisidine [9]. 1.3. Fluorescence Photoluminescence becomes visible as optical radiation accompanied by the emission of photon depending on the duration of the phenomenon, i.e. life time of the excited state. Fluorescence is the spontaneous emission of light during transition of the system from its lowest vibrational energy level of an excited singlet state S1 back to the ground state S0,thus it’s a spin allowed process. Absorption and fluorescence don’t require any spin reorientation however; intersystem crossing and phosphorescence require a spin reorientation therefore; absorbance and fluorescence are much faster than phosphorescence. The processes that occur between the absorption and emission of light are usually illustrated by Jobalonski diagram [66, 67]; figure (1-4). Figure (1-4):- Perrin- Jobalonski diagram and illustration of the relative positions of absorption (Abs), fluorescence (F), andphosphorescence (Ph.) Fluorescence is the result of three stages process that occurs in certain molecules called fluorophores [67]. Excitation: a photon is supplied by an external source and absorbed by the fluorophore creating an excited electronic singlet state S1. This stage distinguishes fluorescence from chemiluminescence, in which the excited state is populated by a chemical reaction. State life time:fluorescence life time is typically 1-10 Nano sec. during this time the fluorophore undergoes conformational changes and is also subjected to a multitude of possible interactions with its molecular environment such as collisional quenching and intersystem crossing. Fluorescence emission: when a photon of energy is emitted returning the fluorophore to the ground stat S0. Figure (1-5) shows these three stages. Figure (1-5):- three stages of fluorescence emission process 1.3.1. Characteristics of fluorescence emission [68-70] Emission spectra are typically independent of the excitation wave length due to the partial dissipation of excitation energy during the excited state life time, this known as Kasha’s rule. The emission intensity is proportional to the amplitude of the fluorescence excitation spectrum at the excitation wavelength; figure (1-6). Figure (1-6):- emission spectra are typically independent of the excitation wavelength Stokes shift: due to the energy dissipation during the excited state life time, the energy of this photon is lower and therefore; of longer wavelength than the excitation photon (i.e.fluorescence light is a red-shift). This difference in energy or wavelength is known as stokes shift.† The difference in wavelength between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra of the same electronic transition; figure (1-7). Solvent effects and excited state reactions can also affect the magnitude of stokes shift. Figure (1-7):-stokes shift of band maxima E = hÃŽ ½ = hÃâ€"c / ÃŽ » (1) h = Planck constant = 6.63 Ãâ€" 10-34 J.sec-1 c = light velocity ÃŽ ½ = light frequency Sec-1 or Hz ÃŽ » = wave length nm. Absorption energy EAbs.= hÃâ€"c / ÃŽ »Abs. (2) Emission energy Eem.= hÃâ€"c / ÃŽ »em. (3) Since: EemAbs. (4)so: ÃŽ »em.>ÃŽ »Abs (5) ÃŽ »em.,ÃŽ »Abs: emission and absorption spectra peaks respectively. When absorption and/or the emission spectra of a flourophore possess two or more bands, stokes shift is equal to the difference that separates the two most intense bands of the two spectra, figure (1-8). Figure (1-8):-stokes shift in a flourophore possess two bands If thermal energy is added to an excited state or compound has many highly populated vibrational energy levels, emission at shorter wavelengths than those of absorption occurs, this is called an anti-stokes shift and its often observed in dilute gasses at high temperatures. A key feature of fluorescence is the molecule spends a measurable Amount of time in the singlet state. Fluorescence life time refers to the average time that the molecule stays in its excited state before emitting a photon for fluorescence; it’s typically in the range (1-10 nsec.). Fluorescence radiant power (F) is proportional to the absorbed radiant power. F = É ¸ (P0 – P) - (6) É ¸: Fluorescence efficiency. P0: incident power. P: transmitted power. The relationship between the absorbed radiant power and concentration can be obtained from beers law P/P0 = 10-A- (7) P = P0 Ãâ€" 10-Ɇºbc - (8)F = É ¸ P0 (1–10-Ɇºbc)- (9) Structural factors. Fluorescence is expected in molecules that are aromatic or multiple conjugated double bonds with a high degree of resonance stability, it’s also expected with poly cyclic aromatic

Does Economic Wealth Lead to Well-Being

Does Economic Wealth Lead To Well-being? In 1974, USC Professor Easterlin put forward that within a country the rich have higher average subjective well-being (SWB) than the poor. Nevertheless, the average SWB is uncorrelated with income between rich countries and poor countries. For example, the Gallup poll of 2012 well-being from Livescience website (2011) shows that Panama has 61% of people who said they are thriving, which had a greater score than the USA. The modern economy based on the opinion that the growth in the economy can lead to SWB increases.Surprisingly, economic growth does not bring more happiness. Therefore, this is the Easterlin Paradox. One explanation is ignoring variables, in the first part of this essay, noneconomic factors such as health, environment or family will be discussed, and these factors will counteract the positives of wealth. Then the second part will account for why economic wealth cannot measure happiness. There is also a certain amount of opinion to support economic wealth give rise to happiness. It will be presented by discussing GDP issues in part three.Well-being does not only depend on economic factors, but it also be influenced by work, environment, health or family relations etc. The Weighted Index of Social Progress sees Sweden, Denmark and Norway on top, while the Happy Planet Index sees Colombia and Costa Rica among the leaders (Measures of Well-being, 2006). And a few South American countries’ SWB is as high as developed countries such as Puerto Rico, or Guatemala. The above cases show that economy is one of the elements in estimating SWB. It is evidence that economic wealth results in the working burden raising dramatically.Working pressure disrupts the staff’s life balance and thousands of work makes staff feel anxious every day. As the economy grows rapidly, the environment is polluted heavily. It is evident that the quality of environment decreasing gives rise to individuals’ SWB fall. Ano ther contributing factor is health which is regarded as the most important aspect by the majority of people. Better health conditions give people confidence as well as well-being. Sometimes, individuals are entangled with family issues, and the negative effects from family cancel out the positive effects from economic income.If a government considers increasing SWB, it should make more in policies that promote good governance, liberties, democracy, trust and public safety (Why Money Doesn’t Buy Happiness, 2011). Personal satisfaction lies in diverse factors, and earning does not play a major role. Section 2 will be devoted to the two explanations why GDP cannot measure the real SWB, especially in developed countries. A United Nations reported that the UK is only the 18th happiest place to live (British people are more miserable than Costa Ricans and Israelis, UN finds, 2012). Firstly, take case of a rabbit eats carrot.A rabbit finds a room filled with a large quantity of carr ots while the rabbit is going to starve to dying. Apparently the rabbit will gobble down the carrots, but the carrots will be become less attractive when the rabbit is almost full. According to the story, in rich countries the SWB rises up to a particular point, but it will never go beyond point. That is the reason why advanced countries (for example, USA, UK, France and Germany) SWB was not ranked in the top position. In reality, money is the carrot. The meaning of 100 dollars is significantly dissimilar between beggars and billionaires.When economy develops to a certain extent, economic factors cannot measure happiness because there are several variables to act on the SWB simultaneously. An amount of factors were introduced at the last paragraph. The second explanation is more psychological. The major determinant of SWB is the relative life condition (comparing with people in the same level) rather than the real life condition. Being more specific, if one individual has better liv ing condition than the other people who live in the same area, the one is more satisfied. This psychological comparison is called keep up with the Joneses.For this reason, the SWB will not change even if economic growth brings about rising incomes. For instance, on the one hand, country people live in the countryside and local residents lead the similar country life. On the other hand, people who live in urban areas lead completely diverse lives. Their social circles usually have a great number of affluent individuals, so the psychological pressure which is caused by the wealth comparison is greater than the happiness of high income. There are also positive views to support economic growth leads to SWB.To be empirical, countries with a lower GDP typically have more problems. Taking an example of Africa, according to the graph of geography of happiness from the Economist website (2010), countries at the bottom (mostly African) had lower score (The rich, the poor and Bulgaria, 2010). Most areas of Africa are rural. Africans now distinctly desire a better life. Although rich countries are clearly happier, the correlation is not perfect (The rich, the poor and Bulgaria, 2010). In the research of assistant professor Stevenson, they take a 0 to 10 life satisfaction scale to survey the work.People who live in the rich countries place themselves around 7 and 8. At the same time, people in the poor countries consider themselves at about 3. As the matter of fact, increasing GDP can raise average satisfaction. For instance, nations with booming GDP imply government can spend more capital on health care, education or environmental protection. It is not apparent that a lager GDP measures citizen’s health, education or intelligence directly, but it does continue to contribute to citizen’s life. This paragraph provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of this paper.Firstly, basic needs are meet differences in well-being are less frequently due to i ncome, and more frequently due to factors such as social relationships and enjoyment at work (Why money doesn’t buy happiness, 2007), different variables influence SWB jointly. Secondly, two explanations were presented to interpret that GDP cannot measure the real SWB. The saturating point exists in the process of economic development promotes SWB, and then the economic factors will not be crucial. What is more, the psychological comparison is a vital determinant in SWB, though the income rising expressively brings plentiful happiness.Thirdly, GDP can increase national SWB authentically. To individuals, large income raises SWB in the short term. There are a number of separable components of SWB (Diener, 2000). Thus, money does not buy happiness. SWB is difficult to be calculated and can be measured in different ways. Happiness, as the ultimate goal, requires the most encompassing measure (measuring of well-being, 2006). Bibliography 1. Deutsche Bank Research, 2006, Measures o f Well-being. Available from http://www. dbresearch. com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000202587. PDF [Accessed 19 April 2012] 2.Dinener, E. 2000. Subjective Well-being: The Science of Happiness and Proposal for a National Index. American Psychologist, vol. 55, No. 1, 34-43. 3. Livesciene, 2011, Top 19 Happiest Countries (and the 20 saddest). Available from http://www. livescience. com/13790-19-happiest-countries-20-saddest. html [Accessed 16 April 2012] 4. The Daily Beast, 2007, Why Money Doesn’t Buy Happiness. Available from http://www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2007/10/14/why-money-doesn-t-buy-happiness. html [Accessed 19 April 2012] 5. The Economist, 2010, Comparing Countries. The rich, the poor and Bulgaria.Money really can buy you happiness. Available from http://www. economist. com/node/17722557. html [Accessed 26 April 2012] 6. The Telegraph, 2012, British people are more miserable than Costa Ricans and Israelis, UN finds. Available from http://www. thetelegr aph. co. uk/lifestyle/9184916/British-people-are-more-miserable-than-Costa-Ricans-and-Isrealis-UN-finds. html [Accessed 4 May 2012] 7. Yale School of management, What Are the Economics of Happiness? Available from http://bpp. wharton. upenn. edu/betseys/press%20reaction/Easterlin%20Paradox/YaleSOMInterview. pdf [Accessed 26 April 2012]

Gay, Defined

Liz Schmidt Kate Brady English 101 October 9, 2012 Formal definition: Gay (adj. ) merry: happy and carefree; brightly ornamental or colorful; homosexual. (n. ) A homosexual. (â€Å"gay†) Synonymous definition: Gay (syn. ) merry, lighthearted, joyful, cheerful, sprightly, jolly, happy, joyous, gleeful, jovial, colorful, bright. (â€Å"gay†) Negative definition: Gay (adj. ) unhappy, lacking color, heavyhearted Because of the literal definition of the word, people that are homosexual are often seen as â€Å"colorful† and â€Å"cheerful†. Etymological Definition: Gay (n) usually male, homosexual.In middle English, it meant â€Å"excellent person† â€Å"noble lady† â€Å"gallant knight† or â€Å"something gay or bright†; â€Å"ornament or badge† (â€Å"gay†)2 Stipulative definition: Gay (adj. ) being homosexual Illustrative definition: Two men walking down the street holding hands. Thesis statement: The meaning of the w ord gay has changed vastly over time, which today, can be offensive. Liz Schmidt Kate Brady English 101 October 9, 2012 The definition of the word â€Å"gay† has evolved greatly over time. What you consider â€Å"gay† today is definitely not what was considered â€Å"gay† 200 years ago, or even 50 years ago. 00 years ago, the word was used as a term of promiscuity. It was also used as a slang term to call someone a â€Å"young hobo. † (â€Å"gay†) Today, we use the word mostly as â€Å"homosexual† or referring to someone who is attracted to the same sex. At the same time, the younger age group of America is using the word â€Å"gay† as a way to express dislike toward something. A common way would be saying â€Å"that’s gay† when a friend tells them their team lost the game. This misuse of the word can often lead to offending the homosexual community. The meaning of the word †gay† has changed vastly over time, which today, can be offensive.How did the meaning of the word â€Å"gay† once turn from being â€Å"merry and happy† to â€Å"homosexual†? It all started around the 1630’s, when people often used it as both â€Å"splendid and showily dressed† and calling a brothel a gay house. It is believed that the word was used this way up until about the early 1900’s. The slang meaning (homosexual) began to appear in psychological writing in the late 1940’s. At first, the word was used solely among homosexuals themselves, by mostly male prostitutes referring to each other, but also female prostitutes. â€Å"gay-rights movement†) It seems to me that nobody ever really used the term as its true meaning â€Å"merry and happy†. However, there are songs in old musicals where they use it that way, so I guess that meaning wasn’t completely extinct. Although the â€Å"merry and happy† meaning of gay wasn’t really used a whole lot in the past, we do see the â€Å"bright and colorful† meaning in many Christmas songs. One well-known example is in â€Å"Deck the Halls†. The lyrics are â€Å"Don we now our gay apparel†; this most likely implies that they were dressed in bright colors.Without doubt, the word â€Å"gay† has a boundless history and has been used so many different ways in the past. A teenager walks into their favorite store, and immediately spots something they love. They see that the price is much more than they have currently, and furiously groans, â€Å"Fifty dollars? That’s gay! † When someone says â€Å"that’s gay† about something that they find just plain stupid, why don’t they just say â€Å"that’s stupid†? The improper use of this word may offend the homosexual community because it is a lot like calling them stupid. From my observation, this whole â€Å"that’s gay† thing started recently, wit hin the last few years.Mostly young people started saying it about nearly everything that they found idiotic. It’s not even homophobic people using the word this way, it’s anybody. It’s a bad habit that most people probably picked up from hearing others say it. However if you say it wrongly you may be seen as homophobic. How can there be a double meaning of both â€Å"homosexual† and â€Å"stupid† for the word â€Å"gay†? Imagine if instead of â€Å"gay† people said â€Å"that’s straight† about an object they didn’t like. Wouldn’t it be wrong, to basically call someone’s sexuality bad or stupid?It sounds silly, but the inappropriate usage of the word â€Å"gay† is implying that you think there is something wrong with being gay. It’s obvious that someone who is gay is going to be offended if they hear someone using the word the wrong way. They could take it as insulting, or they could ju st be a little annoyed. Either way, it’s not right. I once worked with a girl who was homosexual. Sometimes I would easily forget that she was in the room and catch myself saying â€Å"that’s gay† about something totally random. I never really noticed that it could be offensive until a co-worker said something to me.She asked me, â€Å"Don’t you know Emily’s gay? † When I said yes, she then told me that I should stop saying â€Å"that’s gay† in front of her. At this point, I felt really bad about it and definitely wanted to stop saying it completely. Saying â€Å"that’s gay† is such a bad habit of many young people. I guess Emily understood that it was just a bad habit for me, but not everyone will be that understanding. Furthermore, the word â€Å"gay† should be used solely for meaning â€Å"homosexual†. The other day, I was conversing with a friend about some news in the media. She had told me that Brad Pitt makes 250 million dollars in just one sitting.I laughed, and replied, â€Å"that’s gay. † After I said that I realized I should definitely stop saying that because it doesn’t even make any sense if you think about it. The meaning of the word â€Å"gay† shouldn’t be â€Å"stupid†, although it is for many people. The definition has changed greatly throughout the years, which may cause some people to take offense by it. Works Cited â€Å"gay-rights movement. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 8 Oct 2012. â€Å"gay. † Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus. 1997. Print. â€Å"gay. † Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, 2012. Web. 8 Oct 2012.

Bumblebees, Genus Bombus

Bumblebees are familiar insects in our gardens and backyards. Still, you might be surprised by how much you dont know about these important pollinators. The genus name, Bombus, comes from the Latin for booming. Description Most people recognize the large, furry bees that visit backyard flowers as bumblebees. Fewer probably know that they are social bees, with a caste system of the queen, workers, and reproductives cooperating to meet the needs of the colony. Bumblebees range in size from about half an inch to a full inch in length. Patterns in their bands of yellow and black, along with the occasional red or orange, help indicate their species. However, bumblebees of the same species can vary quite a bit. Entomologists rely on other features, such as genitalia, to confirm a bumblebees identity. Cuckoo bumblebees, genus Psithyrus, resemble other bumblebees but lack the ability to gather pollen. Instead, these parasites invade Bombus nests and kill the queen. The Psithyrus bees then lay their eggs in the collected pollen in the conquered nest. This group is sometimes included as a subgenus of Bombus. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HymenopteraFamily - ApidaeGenus - Bombus Diet Bumblebees feed on pollen and nectar. These efficient pollinators forage on both wildflowers and crops. Adult females use modified hind legs equipped with corbicula to carry pollen to their offspring. Nectar is stored in the honey stomach, or crop, in the digestive system. Larvae receive meals of regurgitated nectar and pollen until they pupate. Life Cycle Like other bees, bumblebees undergo a complete metamorphosis with four stages to the life cycle: Egg – The queen lays eggs in a pollen clump. Then she or a worker bee incubates the eggs for four days.Larva – The larvae feed on pollen stores, or on regurgitated nectar and pollen provided by the worker bees. In 10-14 days, they pupate.Pupa – For two weeks, the pupae remain inside their silk cocoons. The queen incubates the pupae as she did her eggs.Adult – Adults assume their roles as workers, male reproductives, or new queens. Special Adaptations and Defenses Before flying, a bumblebees flight muscles must be warmed to around 86 Â °F. Since most bumblebees live in climates where cool temperatures may occur, they cannot rely on the ambient warmth of the sun to achieve this. Instead, bumblebees shiver, vibrating the flight muscles at a high speed but keeping the wings still. The familiar buzz of the bumblebee comes not from the wings themselves, but from these vibrating muscles. The bumblebee queen must also generate heat when she incubates her eggs. She shivers muscles in the thorax, then transfers the heat to her abdomen by contracting muscles down her body. The warmed abdomen stays in contact with the developing young as she sits on her nest. Female bumblebees come equipped with stingers and will defend themselves if threatened. Unlike their cousins the honey bees, bumblebees can sting and live to tell about it. The bumblebees sting lacks barbs, so she can easily retrieve it from the flesh of her victim and attack again if she chooses. Habitat Good bumblebee habitat supplies adequate flowers for foraging, especially early in the season when the queen emerges and prepares her nest. Meadows, fields, parks, and gardens all provide food and shelter for bumblebees. Range Members of the genus Bombus live mostly in temperate areas of the globe. Range maps show Bombus spp. throughout North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Arctic. Some introduced species are also found in Australia and New Zealand. Sources Bumble bees - The Great Sunflower Project (article no longer available online)Bombus BiologyBumblebees: Their Behavior and Ecology, by Dave Goulson